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In the subsequent discussion

  • 1 в дальнейшем

    •

    A permanent record of... may thus be obtained for examination at a later time (or date) (or later on).

    •

    From this point on (or Hereafter, or Hereinafter, or Henceforward, or From here on) we shall use the term "control system" to mean "automatic control system".

    •

    In the subsequent discussion we assume that...

    •

    In what follows the value of any quantity... will be specified by...

    •

    This rule was thereafter generally adopted.

    * * *
    В дальнейшем -- further (в будущем), in what follows (далее, ниже); in the sequel; subsequently (впоследствии)
     In what follows a given configuration will, when convenient, be referred to in abbreviated form.
     In addition it will be obvious in the sequel that a given paper will often fit into a number of the classes.
     Such a comparison is given subsequently.
     Equation (11) will be referred to as the elliptic form of the energy equation in subsequent discussions.
     The philosophy will be developed and defined further in specific drawings for the Projects.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в дальнейшем

  • 2 שרטט

    שִׁרְטֵט(cmp. שָׂרַט) to draw, rule, trace. Y.Sabb.VII, 10c bot. מה עיבוד … שהיו מְשַׁרְטְטִין בעורות what working in leather was done at the preparation of the Tabernacle? They traced the outlines on the skins (marked out the shape in which they were to be cut, v. שִׁירְטוּט). Ib. top (read:) מה צביעה … שהיו משרטטין בעורות what painting was done at the preparation of the Tabernacle? They marked the skins (with a coloring substance); (the following אלים מאדמים ought to be preceded by עורות, as the catchword to the subsequent discussion, v. Tosef. ib. VIII, 23).Part. pass. מְשוּרְטָט; f. מְשוּרְטֶטֶת. Men.32b מזוזה שאינה מש׳ a door post inscription which is not written on ruled parchment.

    Jewish literature > שרטט

  • 3 שִׁרְטֵט

    שִׁרְטֵט(cmp. שָׂרַט) to draw, rule, trace. Y.Sabb.VII, 10c bot. מה עיבוד … שהיו מְשַׁרְטְטִין בעורות what working in leather was done at the preparation of the Tabernacle? They traced the outlines on the skins (marked out the shape in which they were to be cut, v. שִׁירְטוּט). Ib. top (read:) מה צביעה … שהיו משרטטין בעורות what painting was done at the preparation of the Tabernacle? They marked the skins (with a coloring substance); (the following אלים מאדמים ought to be preceded by עורות, as the catchword to the subsequent discussion, v. Tosef. ib. VIII, 23).Part. pass. מְשוּרְטָט; f. מְשוּרְטֶטֶת. Men.32b מזוזה שאינה מש׳ a door post inscription which is not written on ruled parchment.

    Jewish literature > שִׁרְטֵט

  • 4 в дальнейшем

    •

    A permanent record of... may thus be obtained for examination at a later time (or date) (or later on).

    •

    From this point on (or Hereafter, or Hereinafter, or Henceforward, or From here on) we shall use the term "control system" to mean "automatic control system".

    •

    In the subsequent discussion we assume that...

    •

    In what follows the value of any quantity... will be specified by...

    •

    This rule was thereafter generally adopted.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в дальнейшем

  • 5 anschließend

    I Part. Präs. anschließen
    II Adv. afterwards; subsequently förm.
    III Adj. zeitlich: following, ensuing; subsequent förm.; nachgestellt: that followed, subsequent (an +Akk to); räumlich: next, bordering, adjacent
    * * *
    afterwards (Adv.); subsequent (Adj.); afterward (Adv.)
    * * *
    ạn|schlie|ßend
    1. adv
    afterwards
    2. adj
    following; Ereignis, Diskussion auch ensuing

    an einen Kurs anschließende Prüfung — exam at the end of a course

    * * *
    an·schlie·ßend
    I. adj (darauf folgend) following
    die \anschließende Diskussion/das \anschließende Ereignis the ensuing discussion/event
    II. adv afterwards
    * * *
    1.
    Adverb afterwards

    anschließend an etwas — (Akk.) after something

    2.
    adjektivisch subsequent
    * * *
    A. ppr → anschließen
    B. adv afterwards; subsequently form
    C. adj zeitlich: following, ensuing; subsequent form; nachgestellt: that followed, subsequent (
    an +akk to); räumlich: next, bordering, adjacent
    * * *
    1.
    Adverb afterwards

    anschließend an etwas — (Akk.) after something

    2.
    adjektivisch subsequent
    * * *
    adj.
    following adj.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > anschließend

  • 6 provisional

    adj.
    provisional, makeshift, temporary, ad interim.
    * * *
    1 provisional, temporary
    \
    de forma provisional provisionally
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    * * *
    adjetivo provisional
    * * *
    = ad hoc, interim, provisional, temporary, tentative, makeshift, transitional, rough and ready, ad interim.
    Ex. Begun in 1973, CONSER was conceived by an ad hoc discussion group on Serials Data Bases of American and Canadian librarians.
    Ex. After much subsequent discussion, and the publication of a series of interim reports, a new code was published.
    Ex. Three significant products emerged from the research: provisional rules for classing, based upon a standard citation order....
    Ex. A fascicle is one of the temporary divisions of a work that, for convenience in printing or publication, is issued in small instalments.
    Ex. In 1943, he was offered a three-month appointment by the Director of the Library of Congress' Processing Department, the purpose of which was to make a tentative study of the ALA rules of description.
    Ex. Putting books on show is a way of making recommendations by, as it were, remote control and anything tatty, botched-up and sloppily makeshift should be avoided.
    Ex. The period 1850-69 was transitional, with rag slowly giving way to wood.
    Ex. The opposite situation occurs when a rough and ready translation is needed.
    Ex. The ad interim government of Texas operated from March 16 to October 22, 1836.
    ----
    * como medida provisional = as an interim measure.
    * en libertad provisional = on probation.
    * medida provisional = stopgap [stop-gap], stopgap measure.
    * título provisional = working title.
    * * *
    adjetivo provisional
    * * *
    = ad hoc, interim, provisional, temporary, tentative, makeshift, transitional, rough and ready, ad interim.

    Ex: Begun in 1973, CONSER was conceived by an ad hoc discussion group on Serials Data Bases of American and Canadian librarians.

    Ex: After much subsequent discussion, and the publication of a series of interim reports, a new code was published.
    Ex: Three significant products emerged from the research: provisional rules for classing, based upon a standard citation order....
    Ex: A fascicle is one of the temporary divisions of a work that, for convenience in printing or publication, is issued in small instalments.
    Ex: In 1943, he was offered a three-month appointment by the Director of the Library of Congress' Processing Department, the purpose of which was to make a tentative study of the ALA rules of description.
    Ex: Putting books on show is a way of making recommendations by, as it were, remote control and anything tatty, botched-up and sloppily makeshift should be avoided.
    Ex: The period 1850-69 was transitional, with rag slowly giving way to wood.
    Ex: The opposite situation occurs when a rough and ready translation is needed.
    Ex: The ad interim government of Texas operated from March 16 to October 22, 1836.
    * como medida provisional = as an interim measure.
    * en libertad provisional = on probation.
    * medida provisional = stopgap [stop-gap], stopgap measure.
    * título provisional = working title.

    * * *
    provisional
    llegamos a un arreglo provisional we reached a provisional o temporary arrangement
    * * *

     

    provisional adjetivo
    provisional
    provisional adjetivo provisional
    ' provisional' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    borrador
    - escala
    - remiendo
    - temporal
    - transitorio
    English:
    accommodation
    - caretaker government
    - interim
    - makeshift
    - provisional
    - stopgap
    - temporary
    - tentative
    - conditional
    - make
    - stop
    * * *
    provisional, Am provisorio, -a adj
    provisional
    * * *
    adj provisional, temporary
    * * *
    : provisional, temporary
    * * *
    provisional adj provisional

    Spanish-English dictionary > provisional

  • 7 implicar

    v.
    1 to involve.
    2 to mean, to imply.
    Esto supone un riesgo This entails a risk.
    Esto conlleva tener cuidado This involves to take much care.
    3 to implicate, to involve.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar
    1 (conllevar) to imply
    2 (involucrar) to implicate, involve (en, in)
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VT
    1) (=involucrar) to involve

    las partes implicadas — the interested parties, the parties concerned

    2) (=significar) to imply

    esto no implica que... — this does not mean that...

    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (significar, conllevar) to entail, involve
    2) (envolver, enredar) to involve

    estuvo implicado en un delito — ( participó) he was involved in a crime; ( estuvo bajo sospecha) he was implicated in a crime

    2.
    implicarse v pron to get involved
    * * *
    = amount to, assume, entail, imply, involve, mean, implicate.
    Ex. One of the characteristic features of a post-coordinate indexing system is that searching amounts to more than making a note of the records listed under one index heading.
    Ex. The foregoing discussion concerning analytical entries assumes implicitly a conventional catalogue format, that is, card, microform or other printed catalogue.
    Ex. Secondly, the admission of rules incompatible with the general ideology adopted inevitably entails subsequent remedial revision.
    Ex. Omission does not imply that those areas are not important.
    Ex. Generating author indexes or catalogues involves creating headings from author's names, that is the names of persons or organisations.
    Ex. These changes have meant modifications, some very time-consuming, to serials catalogues in libraries.
    Ex. Therefore aesthetic criteria of value are not objective but deeply implicated in social ideology.
    ----
    * implicarse = involve, implicate + Reflexivo.
    * implicarse en = get + involved with/in.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (significar, conllevar) to entail, involve
    2) (envolver, enredar) to involve

    estuvo implicado en un delito — ( participó) he was involved in a crime; ( estuvo bajo sospecha) he was implicated in a crime

    2.
    implicarse v pron to get involved
    * * *
    = amount to, assume, entail, imply, involve, mean, implicate.

    Ex: One of the characteristic features of a post-coordinate indexing system is that searching amounts to more than making a note of the records listed under one index heading.

    Ex: The foregoing discussion concerning analytical entries assumes implicitly a conventional catalogue format, that is, card, microform or other printed catalogue.
    Ex: Secondly, the admission of rules incompatible with the general ideology adopted inevitably entails subsequent remedial revision.
    Ex: Omission does not imply that those areas are not important.
    Ex: Generating author indexes or catalogues involves creating headings from author's names, that is the names of persons or organisations.
    Ex: These changes have meant modifications, some very time-consuming, to serials catalogues in libraries.
    Ex: Therefore aesthetic criteria of value are not objective but deeply implicated in social ideology.
    * implicarse = involve, implicate + Reflexivo.
    * implicarse en = get + involved with/in.

    * * *
    implicar [A2 ]
    vt
    A (significar, conllevar) to entail, involve
    los riesgos que su decisión implica the risks that his decision entails o involves
    no implica que pierda la titularidad it does not mean o imply that you lose ownership, it does not involve o entail you losing ownership
    implicaría la pérdida de 500 puestos de trabajo it would mean o entail o involve the loss of 500 jobs
    B (envolver, enredar) to involve
    los guardianes presuntamente implicados en la fuga the guards allegedly involved in the escape
    estuvo implicado en varios delitos de fraude (tomó parte) he was involved in several cases of fraud; (estuvo bajo sospecha) he was implicated in several cases of fraud
    to get involved
    * * *

     

    implicar ( conjugate implicar) verbo transitivo
    1 (significar, conllevar) to entail, involve
    2 (envolver, enredar) to involve;


    ( estuvo bajo sospecha) he was implicated in a crime
    implicarse verbo pronominal
    to get involved
    implicar verbo transitivo
    1 (comprometer) to involve, implicate [en, in]: está implicado en un robo, he's involved in a robbery
    2 (comportar) to imply: que se besen no implica que sean amantes, just because they kiss it doesn't mean that they are having an affair
    ' implicar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    complicar
    - comprometer
    - enredar
    - envolver
    - conllevar
    - embrollar
    - involucrar
    - suponer
    English:
    carry
    - entail
    - implicate
    - involve
    - mean
    - must
    - imply
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [conllevar] to involve (en in);
    la protección del medio ambiente implica sacrificios protecting the environment involves o means making sacrifices
    2. Der [involucrar] to implicate (en in);
    lo implicaron en el asesinato he was implicated in the murder
    3. [significar, suponer] to mean, to imply;
    dije que sí, lo que no implica que vaya a participar I said yes, but that doesn't necessarily mean I'll take part
    * * *
    v/t
    1 mean, imply;
    eso no implica que … that does not mean that …
    2 ( involucrar) involve (en in); en un delito implicate (en in)
    * * *
    implicar {72} vt
    1) enredar, envolver: to involve, to implicate
    2) : to imply
    * * *
    1. (incluir) to involve
    2. (significar) to mean [pt. & pp. meant]

    Spanish-English dictionary > implicar

  • 8 intermedio

    adj.
    1 intermediate, in-between, middle.
    2 half-way, halfway.
    m.
    intermission, interval.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: intermediar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) intermediate; (tamaño) medium; (calidad) average, medium; (tiempo) transitional, intervening; (espacio) between
    1 (de un espectáculo) interval, intermission
    ————————
    1 (de un espectáculo) interval, intermission
    * * *
    1. (f. - intermedia)
    adj.
    2. noun m.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [etapa, grupo, nivel] intermediate; [periodo] intervening
    2) [tamaño, talla] medium
    2. SM
    1) (Teat) interval; (TV) break; (Cine) intermission
    2)

    por intermedio de — by means of, through the intermediary of

    * * *
    I
    - dia adjetivo
    a) <punto/etapa> intermediate
    b) <calidad/tamaño> medium (before n)
    II
    a) (Espec) intermission, interval
    * * *
    = in-between, interim, intermediate, midway, intervening, interlude, halfway [half-way/half way], middle.
    Nota: Adjetivo.
    Ex. If the spot stays yellow the paper is decidedly acid; an in-between colour (green, grey, grey-green, yellow-green) indicates mild acidity; while if the spot goes purple, the paper is near-neutral or alkaline.
    Ex. After much subsequent discussion, and the publication of a series of interim reports, a new code was published.
    Ex. Intermediate in size between mainframes and microcomputers, minicomputers offer considerable computing facilities, and are usually comprised of several microprocessors in a parallel group.
    Ex. Nor is the librarian able to take a midway position.
    Ex. Omit intervening elements in the hierarchy that are not essential to clarify the function of the smaller body.
    Ex. Between each story read there should be a brief interlude.
    Ex. This is an acceptable half-way stage to automation for older material.
    Ex. Wilensky has argued that 'the good, the mediocre and the trashy are becoming fused in one massive middle mush' and that 'intellectuals are increasingly tempted to play to mass audiences'.
    ----
    * de posición intermedia = middle-ground.
    * en el nivel intermedio de = in the middle range of.
    * en los años intermedios = in the intervening years.
    * memoria intermedia = buffer.
    * memoria intermedia de datos = data buffer.
    * memoria intermedia del teclado = type-ahead buffer.
    * paso intermedio = half-way house, stepping stone.
    * préstamo de plazo intermedio = intermediate-term loan.
    * programas intermedios = middleware.
    * punto intermedio = middle ground.
    * resultado intermedio = intermediate result.
    * software intermedio = middleware.
    * solución intermedia = happy medium.
    * tamaño de la memoria intermedia = buffer size.
    * * *
    I
    - dia adjetivo
    a) <punto/etapa> intermediate
    b) <calidad/tamaño> medium (before n)
    II
    a) (Espec) intermission, interval
    * * *
    = in-between, interim, intermediate, midway, intervening, interlude, halfway [half-way/half way], middle.
    Nota: Adjetivo.

    Ex: If the spot stays yellow the paper is decidedly acid; an in-between colour (green, grey, grey-green, yellow-green) indicates mild acidity; while if the spot goes purple, the paper is near-neutral or alkaline.

    Ex: After much subsequent discussion, and the publication of a series of interim reports, a new code was published.
    Ex: Intermediate in size between mainframes and microcomputers, minicomputers offer considerable computing facilities, and are usually comprised of several microprocessors in a parallel group.
    Ex: Nor is the librarian able to take a midway position.
    Ex: Omit intervening elements in the hierarchy that are not essential to clarify the function of the smaller body.
    Ex: Between each story read there should be a brief interlude.
    Ex: This is an acceptable half-way stage to automation for older material.
    Ex: Wilensky has argued that 'the good, the mediocre and the trashy are becoming fused in one massive middle mush' and that 'intellectuals are increasingly tempted to play to mass audiences'.
    * de posición intermedia = middle-ground.
    * en el nivel intermedio de = in the middle range of.
    * en los años intermedios = in the intervening years.
    * memoria intermedia = buffer.
    * memoria intermedia de datos = data buffer.
    * memoria intermedia del teclado = type-ahead buffer.
    * paso intermedio = half-way house, stepping stone.
    * préstamo de plazo intermedio = intermediate-term loan.
    * programas intermedios = middleware.
    * punto intermedio = middle ground.
    * resultado intermedio = intermediate result.
    * software intermedio = middleware.
    * solución intermedia = happy medium.
    * tamaño de la memoria intermedia = buffer size.

    * * *
    1 ‹nivel/etapa› intermediate
    alumnos de nivel intermedio students at intermediate level, intermediate students
    2 ‹calidad/tamaño› medium ( before n)
    un coche de precio intermedio a medium-priced car, a middle-of-the-range car
    un color intermedio entre el gris y el verde a color halfway between gray and green, a gray-green color
    1 ( Espec) intermission, interval
    2
    (mediación): por intermedio de through
    * * *

     

    Del verbo intermediar: ( conjugate intermediar)

    intermedio es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    intermedió es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    intermedio 1
    ◊ - dia adjetivo

    a) ‹punto/etapa› intermediate;


    b) ‹calidad/tamaño› medium ( before n);


    intermedio 2 sustantivo masculino (Espec) intermission, interval
    intermedio,-a
    I adjetivo intermediate
    II m TV (de una película, un programa) break, interval, (teatro) intermission
    ' intermedio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    intermedia
    - intervalo
    English:
    half-way
    - interlude
    - intermediate
    - intermission
    - interval
    - intervene
    - intervening
    - break
    - interim
    - recess
    * * *
    intermedio, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [etapa, nivel] intermediate, halfway;
    [calidad] average; [tamaño] medium
    2. [tiempo] intervening;
    [espacio] in between;
    se halla en un punto intermedio entre la comedia y la tragedia it's somewhere between a comedy and a tragedy;
    Dep
    tiempo intermedio split time
    ♦ nm
    1. [en actividad] interval;
    vamos a hacer un intermedio de diez minutos we'll have o take a ten-minute break
    2. [en teatro] Br interval, US intermission;
    [en cine] intermission; [en televisión] (commercial) break
    ♦ por intermedio de loc prep
    through;
    la enfermedad se transmite por intermedio de animales the disease is transmitted through o by animals;
    se estuvieron insultando por intermedio de la prensa they insulted each other through the press
    * * *
    I adj nivel intermediate; tamaño medium; calidad average, medium
    II m intermission
    * * *
    intermedio, - dia adj
    : intermediate
    1) : intermission
    2)
    por intermedio de : by means of
    * * *
    1. (nivel) intermediate
    2. (tamaño) medium
    1. (en general) interval

    Spanish-English dictionary > intermedio

  • 9 recordar

    v.
    1 to remember (acordarse de).
    ese pintor recuerda a Picasso that painter is reminiscent of Picasso
    si mal no recuerdo as far as I can remember
    María recuerda su niñez Mary remembers her childhood.
    María recuerda y llora Mary remembers and cries.
    me recuerda a un amigo mío he reminds me of a friend of mine
    recuérdame que cierre el gas remind me to turn the gas off
    tienes que ir al dentista esta tarde — ¡no me lo recuerdes! you have to go to the dentist this afternoon — don't remind me!
    Le recordaré a María I will remind Mary.
    3 to remind to.
    María le recuerda a Ricardo recogerla Mary reminds Richard to pick her up.
    4 to remember of.
    Esta foto me recordó a mi papá This photo remembered me of my father.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ CONTAR], like link=contar contar
    1 (rememorar) to remember
    ■ ¿recuerdas? do you remember?
    2 (traer a la memoria) to remind (a, of)
    3 (conmemorar) to commemorate
    \
    que yo recuerde as far as I can remember
    si mal no recuerdo if I remember rightly, if my memory serves me right
    * * *
    verb
    1) to remember, recall
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=acordarse de) to remember

    recuerdo que un día se me acercó y me dijo... — I remember that one day she came over to me and said...

    no lo recuerdo — I can't remember, I don't remember

    • creo recordar que... — I seem to remember o recall that...

    • recordar haber hecho algo — to remember doing o having done sth

    no recuerdo haberte dado permiso para salir — I don't remember o recall giving o having given you permission to go out

    • recordar que — to remember that

    2) (=traer a la memoria) to remind

    ¿a qué te recuerda esa foto? — what does that photo remind you of?

    • recordar algo a algn — to remind sb of sth

    me permito recordarle que aún no hemos recibido el pago — I would remind you o may I remind you that we have not yet received payment

    • recordar a algn que haga algo — to remind sb to do sth

    3) Méx * (=despertar) to wake up
    2.

    no recuerdo — I can't o don't remember

    si mal no recuerdo — if my memory serves me right o correctly, if I remember rightly o correctly

    que yo recuerde — as far as I can remember, as I recall frm

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <nombre/fecha> to remember, recall

    recuerdo que lo puse ahí — I remember o recall putting it there

    b) ( rememorar) to remember
    2)

    recordarle A alguien/algo que + subj — to remind somebody about something/to + inf

    recuérdale lo de la cena/que los llame — remind him about the supper/to call them about the supper

    les recuerdo que... — I would like to remind you that...

    b) (por asociación, parecido) to remind

    estos versos recuerdan a Neruda — these verses are reminiscent of Neruda; (+ me/te/le etc)

    esto me recuerda que... — this reminds me that...

    2.
    recordar vi ( acordarse) to remember

    que yo recuerde... — as far as I remember...

    3.
    recordarse v pron (Chi) ( acordarse) to remember

    recordarse DE algo/alguien — to remember something/somebody

    * * *
    = cast + mind back to, recall, recollect, remember, remind, hark(en) back to, come back, reminisce, evoke, be reminiscent of, bring to + mind, recur to, hearken back to.
    Nota: También escrito harken o hark.
    Ex. First cast your mind back to our examination of the Colon Classification.
    Ex. As will be recalled from the foregoing discussion of Panizzi's ideology, his main entry was designed to represent a book not as a individual entity but as an edition of a particular work by a particular author.
    Ex. There was a heavy and prolonged silence as Datto scrambled through his mind, trying to recollect the details of the event that had apparently trigerred this violent reaction.
    Ex. A summary at the end of a document is intended to complete the orientation of the reader, and to identify the significant ideas for the reader to remember.
    Ex. The insert mode indicator (the arrow pointing upwards) appears on the screen to remind you that the keyboard is in insert mode.
    Ex. The third point is one that harks back to the chapter on peer influences.
    Ex. At the sight of the park, something came back to Slake.
    Ex. A general session featured Isaac Asimov who reminisced about libraries in his youth and predicted the continuing need for libraries.
    Ex. If my comments yesterday managed to evoke the landscape of the State of Ohio, I offer no apologies.
    Ex. In this sense this book is reminiscent of the cunningly drawn pictures of our youth.
    Ex. These commands bring to mind word frequency-based automatic indexing algorithms of the past 3 decades.
    Ex. The kitchen was full of glancing sunlight and clean color; and as she sat there her mind recurred to her attempts to get her assistant to stay.
    Ex. The term 'first cold press' hearkens back to the traditional method, where the best oil came from the first pressing; subsequent pressings release more oil, but of inferior quality.
    ----
    * ayuda para recordar = memory aid.
    * digno de ser recordado = memorable.
    * facilidad de recordar = memorability.
    * facultad de recordar = power of recall.
    * hacer recordar = jog + Posesivo + memory, bring to + mind.
    * que ayuda a recordar = memory-jogging.
    * que + Pronombre + recordar = to the best of + Posesivo + recollection.
    * que se recuerde = in living memory.
    * recordar a = reek of.
    * recordar a uno Algo = bring + Nombre + back to.
    * recordar de un modo rápido = sweep back to.
    * recordar el pasado = take + a trip down memory lane, stroll down + memory lane, take + a stroll down memory lane.
    * recordar fácilmente = produce + on call.
    * recordar mal = misremember.
    * recordar + Posesivo + palabras = mark + Posesivo + words.
    * recordarse = go down as.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) <nombre/fecha> to remember, recall

    recuerdo que lo puse ahí — I remember o recall putting it there

    b) ( rememorar) to remember
    2)

    recordarle A alguien/algo que + subj — to remind somebody about something/to + inf

    recuérdale lo de la cena/que los llame — remind him about the supper/to call them about the supper

    les recuerdo que... — I would like to remind you that...

    b) (por asociación, parecido) to remind

    estos versos recuerdan a Neruda — these verses are reminiscent of Neruda; (+ me/te/le etc)

    esto me recuerda que... — this reminds me that...

    2.
    recordar vi ( acordarse) to remember

    que yo recuerde... — as far as I remember...

    3.
    recordarse v pron (Chi) ( acordarse) to remember

    recordarse DE algo/alguien — to remember something/somebody

    * * *
    = cast + mind back to, recall, recollect, remember, remind, hark(en) back to, come back, reminisce, evoke, be reminiscent of, bring to + mind, recur to, hearken back to.
    Nota: También escrito harken o hark.

    Ex: First cast your mind back to our examination of the Colon Classification.

    Ex: As will be recalled from the foregoing discussion of Panizzi's ideology, his main entry was designed to represent a book not as a individual entity but as an edition of a particular work by a particular author.
    Ex: There was a heavy and prolonged silence as Datto scrambled through his mind, trying to recollect the details of the event that had apparently trigerred this violent reaction.
    Ex: A summary at the end of a document is intended to complete the orientation of the reader, and to identify the significant ideas for the reader to remember.
    Ex: The insert mode indicator (the arrow pointing upwards) appears on the screen to remind you that the keyboard is in insert mode.
    Ex: The third point is one that harks back to the chapter on peer influences.
    Ex: At the sight of the park, something came back to Slake.
    Ex: A general session featured Isaac Asimov who reminisced about libraries in his youth and predicted the continuing need for libraries.
    Ex: If my comments yesterday managed to evoke the landscape of the State of Ohio, I offer no apologies.
    Ex: In this sense this book is reminiscent of the cunningly drawn pictures of our youth.
    Ex: These commands bring to mind word frequency-based automatic indexing algorithms of the past 3 decades.
    Ex: The kitchen was full of glancing sunlight and clean color; and as she sat there her mind recurred to her attempts to get her assistant to stay.
    Ex: The term 'first cold press' hearkens back to the traditional method, where the best oil came from the first pressing; subsequent pressings release more oil, but of inferior quality.
    * ayuda para recordar = memory aid.
    * digno de ser recordado = memorable.
    * facilidad de recordar = memorability.
    * facultad de recordar = power of recall.
    * hacer recordar = jog + Posesivo + memory, bring to + mind.
    * que ayuda a recordar = memory-jogging.
    * que + Pronombre + recordar = to the best of + Posesivo + recollection.
    * que se recuerde = in living memory.
    * recordar a = reek of.
    * recordar a uno Algo = bring + Nombre + back to.
    * recordar de un modo rápido = sweep back to.
    * recordar el pasado = take + a trip down memory lane, stroll down + memory lane, take + a stroll down memory lane.
    * recordar fácilmente = produce + on call.
    * recordar mal = misremember.
    * recordar + Posesivo + palabras = mark + Posesivo + words.
    * recordarse = go down as.

    * * *
    vt
    A
    1 ‹nombre/fecha› to remember, recall
    ¿recuerdas dónde lo encontraste? do you remember o recall where you found it?
    soy muy malo para recordar fechas I'm very bad at remembering dates
    recuerdo que lo puse sobre la mesa I remember o recall putting it on the table
    no recordaba exactamente qué había pasado she couldn't recall o recollect o remember exactly what had happened
    2 (rememorar) to remember
    recordar viejos tiempos to remember the old days, to reminisce about the old days
    recuerdo esa época con mucho cariño I have fond memories of that time
    B
    1 (traer a la memoria) recordarle algo A algn:
    recuérdale que los llame remind him to call them
    les recuerdo que mañana es el último día remember that o I would like to remind you that tomorrow is the last day
    me recordó lo del sábado pasado he reminded me about what happened last Saturday
    2 (por asociación, parecido) to remind
    su forma recuerda la de una calabaza its shape reminds one of a pumpkin, its shape is reminiscent of a pumpkin
    estos versos recuerdan a Jorge Manrique these verses are reminiscent of Jorge Manrique
    (+ me/te/le etc): esto me recuerda aquella vez que … this reminds me of the time that …
    me recuerdas a tu hermano you remind me of your brother
    estas calles me recuerdan mucho Bogotá these streets remind me a lot of Bogotá
    ■ recordar
    vi
    A (acordarse) to remember
    que yo recuerde sólo estaba él as I remember (it) o as I recall o as far as I remember he was the only one there
    si mal no recuerdo if I remember right, if my memory serves me well o correctly
    B ( Méx fam) (despertarse) to wake up
    A ( Méx fam) (despertarse) to wake up
    B ( Chi) (acordarse) to remember recordarse DE algo/algn to remember sth/sb
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    recordar    
    recordar algo
    recordar ( conjugate recordar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹nombre/fecha› to remember, recall;

    ◊ recuerdo que lo puse ahí I remember o recall putting it there

    b) ( rememorar) ‹niñez/pasado› to remember

    2
    a) ( traer a la memoria) recordarle A algnalgo/ que haga algo to remind sb about sth/to do sth;

    ◊ les recuerdo que … I would like to remind you that …

    b) (por asociación, parecido) to remind;


    verbo intransitivo ( acordarse) to remember;

    recordar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (acordarse) to remember, recall: no recuerdo su nombre, I can't remember his name
    2 (hacer recordar) to remind: recuérdame que compre el pan, remind me to buy some bread
    me recuerda a su madre, she reminds me of her mother
    II verbo intransitivo to remember: si mal no recuerdo, if I remember rightly ➣ Ver nota en remember y remind
    To remember     significa recordar algo ocurrido en el pasado: Recuerdo mi último cumpleaños. I remember my last birthday. To remind significa recordar a alguien que tiene que hacer algo: Recuérdame que mañana tengo que ir al banco. Remind me to go to the bank tomorrow.

    ' recordar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    desempolvar
    - evocar
    - hablarse
    - pasada
    - pasado
    - recuerdo
    - vista
    - acordar
    - creer
    - retener
    English:
    eventful
    - look back
    - recall
    - recollect
    - remember
    - remind
    - reminiscent
    - seem
    - think back
    - bring
    - mind
    - must
    - reminder
    - think
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [acordarse de] to remember;
    no recuerdo dónde he dejado las llaves I can't remember where I left the keys;
    recuerdo que me lo dijo I remember him telling me;
    no recordaba yo un invierno tan frío I don't remember a winter as cold as this
    2. [traer a la memoria] to remind;
    recuérdame que cierre el gas remind me to turn the gas off;
    te recuerdo que el plazo termina mañana don't forget that the deadline is tomorrow;
    tienes que ir al dentista esta tarde – ¡no me lo recuerdes! you have to go to the dentist this afternoon – don't remind me!
    3. [por asociación] to remind;
    me recuerda a un amigo mío he reminds me of a friend of mine;
    me recuerda aquella vez que nos quedamos sin luz it reminds me of that time when the electricity got cut off
    ♦ vi
    1. [acordarse] to remember;
    si mal no recuerdo as far as I can remember
    2. [traer a la memoria]
    ese pintor recuerda a Picasso that painter is reminiscent of Picasso
    3. Méx [despertar] to wake up
    * * *
    I v/t remember, recall;
    recordar algo a alguien remind s.o. of sth
    II v/i
    1
    :
    si mal no recuerdo if my memory serves me right
    wake up
    * * *
    recordar {19} vt
    1) : to recall, to remember
    2) : to remind
    1) acordarse: to remember
    2) despertar: to wake up
    * * *
    1. (acordarse) to remember
    2. (hacer pensar) to remind

    Spanish-English dictionary > recordar

  • 10 suponer

    v.
    1 to suppose.
    supongo que ya habrán llegado I suppose o expect (that) they'll have arrived by now
    supongo que sí/no I suppose o expect so/not
    supongamos que me niego supposing I refuse
    es de suponer que se disculparán I would expect them to apologize
    suponiendo que… supposing o assuming that…
    María supone bien Mary supposes well.
    Esto supone un riesgo This entails a risk.
    2 to involve, to entail.
    Supone muchos peligros It involves much danger.
    3 to mean.
    4 to imagine.
    lo suponía I guessed as much
    te suponía mayor I thought you were older
    5 to be important.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ PONER], like link=poner poner (pp supuesto,-a)
    1 (gen) to suppose, assume
    2 (significar) to mean
    3 (conllevar) to mean, entail, require
    4 (adivinar) to guess; (imaginar) to imagine, think
    5 (creer) to think
    1 familiar supposition
    \
    como es de suponer as is to be expected
    ser de suponer to be likely
    * * *
    verb
    1) to suppose, presume
    * * *
    ( pp supuesto)
    1. VT
    1) (=imaginar) to imagine

    estoy muy satisfecho, como puedes suponer — I'm very pleased, as you can imagine

    ya puedes suponer lo que pasó — you can guess o imagine what happened

    le pagaron, supongamos, diez millones — he was paid, say, ten million

    • es de suponer, es de suponer que haya protestas — I would imagine there will be protests, presumably there will be protests

    están muy apenados, como es de suponer — they are very upset, as you would expect

    como era de suponer, llegaron tarde — as was to be expected, they arrived late

    2)

    • suponer que — [intentando adivinar] to imagine that, suppose that, guess that *; [como hipótesis] to suppose that; [dando por sentado] to assume that, presume that

    supongo que necesitaréis unas vacaciones — I imagine o suppose you'll need a holiday, I guess you'll need a holiday *

    sí, supongo que tienes razón — yes, I suppose you're right, yes, I guess you're right *

    supón que tuvieras mucho dinero, ¿qué harías? — suppose o supposing you had a lot of money, what would you do?

    suponiendo que todo salga según lo previsto — assuming o presuming everything goes according to plan

    • supongo que no, -¿crees que llegará tarde? -no lo sé, supongo que no — "do you think he'll be late?" - "I don't know, I don't suppose so"

    -no será fácil -no, supongo que no — "it won't be easy" - "no, I suppose not"

    • supongo que sí — I suppose so, I imagine so, I guess so *

    3) (=atribuir)
    [con objeto indirecto de persona]

    os suponía informados de este asunto — I assumed o presumed you had been informed about this matter

    le supongo unos 60 años — I would say o guess he's about 60

    se le supone una gran antigüedad — it is thought o believed to be very old

    4) (=implicar) to mean
    2.
    See:
    3.
    SM

    • un suponer, a ver, un suponer, si tú fueras su marido, ¿qué harías? — OK, just supposing you were her husband, what would you do?

    si te ofrecen el puesto, es un suponer, ¿lo aceptarías? — supposing o suppose they were to offer you the job, would you accept?

    supongamos, es solo un suponer, que eso sea verdad — let us suppose, for the sake of argument, that it is true

    * * *
    I

    si quebraran, es un suponer,... — suppose o supposing they were to go bankrupt,...

    si, es un suponer, perdieses tu trabajo... — just supposing for the sake of argument that you were to lose your job

    II
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( tomar como hipótesis) to suppose, assume

    supongamos que lo que dice es cierto — let's suppose o assume what he says is true

    supongamos que los dos ángulos son iguales — let us suppose o assume that both angles are equal

    b) ( imaginar)

    nada hacía suponer que... — there was nothing to suggest that...

    ¿va a venir hoy? - supongo que sí — is she coming today? - I should think so o I imagine so

    es de suponer que se lo habrán dicho — presumably o I should think o I would imagine he's been told

    c) ( atribuir) (+ me/te/le etc)

    le suponía más edad — I imagined o thought he was older

    se le suponía un valor aproximado de... — it was thought to be worth approximately...

    2) (significar, implicar) to mean

    eso supondría tener que empezar desde el principio — that would mean having to start from the beginning again; (+ me/te/le etc)

    * * *
    = assume, entail, guess, involve, mean, presume, surmise, suppose, gather, account for.
    Ex. The foregoing discussion concerning analytical entries assumes implicitly a conventional catalogue format, that is, card, microform or other printed catalogue.
    Ex. Secondly, the admission of rules incompatible with the general ideology adopted inevitably entails subsequent remedial revision.
    Ex. 'Anything wrong?' 'Oh, I'm okay, I guess,' volunteered Datto cautiously.
    Ex. Generating author indexes or catalogues involves creating headings from author's names, that is the names of persons or organisations.
    Ex. These changes have meant modifications, some very time-consuming, to serials catalogues in libraries.
    Ex. We presumed this principle of organization in the case of searching the public library for a document about programmed instruction.
    Ex. One is to read a portion of the newspaper and to surmise under what headings it has been indexed.
    Ex. Suppose we are searching for information about the subject 'The use of television in remedial teaching in primary schools'.
    Ex. The script was improvised on an outline which, I gathered, was the result of three sessions' hard talking to decide whose ideas out of the many suggested should be used.
    Ex. The major four categories of physical forms outlined so far account for most of the published indexes and catalogues.
    ----
    * como cabría suponer = as might be expected.
    * es de suponer que = presumably.
    * gastos que no suponen un gran desembolso de dinero = out-of-pocket costs.
    * no suponer gran cosa = not add up to much.
    * no suponer nada = add up to + nothing.
    * que supone = associated with.
    * según cabe suponer = presumably, supposedly.
    * según sabe suponer = allegedly.
    * suponer la diferencia entre el éxito o el fracaso = make or break.
    * suponer peligro = hold + danger.
    * suponerse que + Subjuntivo = be alleged + Infinitivo.
    * suponer una avance sobre = move + one away from.
    * suponer una diferencia sobre = move + one away from.
    * suponer un avance = be a step forward.
    * suponer un cambio = bring about + change.
    * supongo que = I daresay that.
    * * *
    I

    si quebraran, es un suponer,... — suppose o supposing they were to go bankrupt,...

    si, es un suponer, perdieses tu trabajo... — just supposing for the sake of argument that you were to lose your job

    II
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( tomar como hipótesis) to suppose, assume

    supongamos que lo que dice es cierto — let's suppose o assume what he says is true

    supongamos que los dos ángulos son iguales — let us suppose o assume that both angles are equal

    b) ( imaginar)

    nada hacía suponer que... — there was nothing to suggest that...

    ¿va a venir hoy? - supongo que sí — is she coming today? - I should think so o I imagine so

    es de suponer que se lo habrán dicho — presumably o I should think o I would imagine he's been told

    c) ( atribuir) (+ me/te/le etc)

    le suponía más edad — I imagined o thought he was older

    se le suponía un valor aproximado de... — it was thought to be worth approximately...

    2) (significar, implicar) to mean

    eso supondría tener que empezar desde el principio — that would mean having to start from the beginning again; (+ me/te/le etc)

    * * *
    = assume, entail, guess, involve, mean, presume, surmise, suppose, gather, account for.

    Ex: The foregoing discussion concerning analytical entries assumes implicitly a conventional catalogue format, that is, card, microform or other printed catalogue.

    Ex: Secondly, the admission of rules incompatible with the general ideology adopted inevitably entails subsequent remedial revision.
    Ex: 'Anything wrong?' 'Oh, I'm okay, I guess,' volunteered Datto cautiously.
    Ex: Generating author indexes or catalogues involves creating headings from author's names, that is the names of persons or organisations.
    Ex: These changes have meant modifications, some very time-consuming, to serials catalogues in libraries.
    Ex: We presumed this principle of organization in the case of searching the public library for a document about programmed instruction.
    Ex: One is to read a portion of the newspaper and to surmise under what headings it has been indexed.
    Ex: Suppose we are searching for information about the subject 'The use of television in remedial teaching in primary schools'.
    Ex: The script was improvised on an outline which, I gathered, was the result of three sessions' hard talking to decide whose ideas out of the many suggested should be used.
    Ex: The major four categories of physical forms outlined so far account for most of the published indexes and catalogues.
    * como cabría suponer = as might be expected.
    * es de suponer que = presumably.
    * gastos que no suponen un gran desembolso de dinero = out-of-pocket costs.
    * no suponer gran cosa = not add up to much.
    * no suponer nada = add up to + nothing.
    * que supone = associated with.
    * según cabe suponer = presumably, supposedly.
    * según sabe suponer = allegedly.
    * suponer la diferencia entre el éxito o el fracaso = make or break.
    * suponer peligro = hold + danger.
    * suponerse que + Subjuntivo = be alleged + Infinitivo.
    * suponer una avance sobre = move + one away from.
    * suponer una diferencia sobre = move + one away from.
    * suponer un avance = be a step forward.
    * suponer un cambio = bring about + change.
    * supongo que = I daresay that.

    * * *
    imagínate que te toca la lotería, es un suponer, ¿qué harías? imagine you won the lottery, just supposing, what would you do?
    si la empresa quebrara, es un suponer, … just suppose o just supposing the company were to go bankrupt, …, if the company were to go bankrupt, just for the sake of argument, …
    suponer2 [ E22 ]
    vt
    A
    supongamos que lo que dice es cierto let's suppose o assume what he says is true
    suponiendo que todo salga como está previsto assuming everything goes according to plan
    supongamos que los dos ángulos son iguales let us suppose o assume that both angles are equal
    ni aun suponiendo que fuera verdad, no tiene derecho a hablar así even supposing it were true, he has no right to talk like that
    2
    (imaginar): supuse que ibas a comprarlo tú I thought o presumed o assumed you were going to buy it
    supongo que tienes razón I suppose you're right
    nada hacía suponer que ocurriría una cosa así there was nothing to suggest o there was no reason to suppose that something like that would happen
    ¿va a venir hoy? — supongo que sí is she coming today? — I should think so o I imagine so
    es de suponer que se lo habrán dicho presumably o I should think o I would assume o I would imagine he's been told
    era de suponer que se lo iban a dar it was to be expected that they would give it to him
    se supone que tendría que empezar a las nueve it's supposed to start at nine
    ¿dónde se supone que vamos? where are we supposed o meant to be going?
    3 (atribuir) (+ me/te/le etc):
    le suponía más edad I imagined o thought he was older
    se le suponen propiedades medicinales it is believed o held to have medicinal qualities
    al cuadro se le suponía un valor aproximado de … the painting was thought to be worth approximately …
    B (significar, implicar) to mean
    el proyecto supondrá una inversión de cinco millones de dólares the project will mean an investment of five million dollars
    la preparación del congreso supuso cinco meses de trabajo the preparation for the convention involved o took five months' work
    eso supondría tener que empezar desde el principio that would mean having to start from the beginning again
    (+ me/te/le etc): ese negocio no le supuso ningún beneficio that deal didn't make him any profit
    no me supone problema ninguno/ninguna molestia it's no trouble at all
    el traslado nos va a suponer muchos inconvenientes the move will cause us a great deal of inconvenience, the move will mean o will involve a great deal of inconvenience
    * * *

     

    suponer ( conjugate suponer) verbo transitivo
    1

    ◊ supongamos que lo que dice es cierto let's suppose o assume what he says is true;

    suponiendo que todo salga bien assuming everything goes OK
    b) ( imaginar):


    ¿va a venir hoy? — supongo que sí is she coming today? — I should think so o I suppose so;
    es de suponer que se lo habrán dicho presumably o I should think he's been told;
    se supone que empieza a las nueve it's supposed to start at nine
    2 (significar, implicar) to mean;

    suponer verbo transitivo
    1 (creer, imaginar) to suppose: supongamos que..., let's assume o suppose that...
    supongo que me llamarán, I presume they're going to phone me
    supongo que sí, I suppose so
    se supone que acaba a las seis, it's supposed to finish at six
    se supone que él es el entendido, he's supposed to be the expert
    te suponía en París, I thought you were in Paris
    2 (conllevar, significar) to mean, involve: no supone ningún riesgo, it doesn't involve any risk
    (la amistad, el aprecio) to mean ➣ Ver nota en mean
    ♦ Locuciones: ser de suponer: es de suponer que se lo han contado, presumably o I would imagine she's been told
    ser un suponer, to be conjecture
    ' suponer' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    condicionamiento
    - creer
    - esperar
    - hacer
    - imaginar
    - imaginarse
    - jugar
    - significar
    - asumir
    - supuse
    English:
    assume
    - entail
    - expect
    - guess
    - imagine
    - imply
    - involve
    - mean
    - pose
    - presumably
    - presume
    - suppose
    - surmise
    - take
    - say
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    imagino que nos invitarán – eso es un suponer I imagine they'll invite us – that's pure conjecture o you can't say for sure;
    imagina, y es un suponer, que te quedas sin dinero imagine, for the sake of argument, that you didn't have any money
    ♦ vt
    1. [creer, presuponer] to suppose;
    supongo que ya habrán llegado I suppose o expect (that) they'll have arrived by now;
    supongo que tienes razón I suppose o guess you're right;
    supongo que sí/no I suppose o expect so/not;
    supongamos que me niego supposing I refuse;
    es de suponer que se disculparán I would expect them to apologize;
    es de suponer una nueva bajada de los tipos de interés a further drop in interest rates seems likely, we can expect a further drop in interest rates;
    al final lo perdí todo – era de suponer in the end I lost everything – it was only to be expected o that's hardly surprising;
    nada hacía suponer que… there was nothing to suggest that…;
    todo hacía suponer que se llegaría a un acuerdo everything pointed to an agreement;
    suponiendo que… supposing o assuming that…;
    suponiendo que no te moleste as long as o assuming it doesn't bother you
    2. [implicar] to involve, to entail;
    una dieta así supone mucho sacrificio a diet like that involves a lot of sacrifices;
    esto nos supone un cambio de planes this involves o entails o means a change of plan for us;
    no me supuso ningún esfuerzo it was no trouble (for me)
    3. [significar] to mean;
    supone mucho para mí it means a lot to me;
    este descubrimiento supone un importante avance para la ciencia this discovery constitutes a major advance for science
    4. [conjeturar] to imagine;
    lo suponía I guessed as much;
    te suponía mayor I thought you were older
    * * *
    <part supuesto> v/t suppose, assume;
    supongamos que … let’s suppose o assume that …;
    supongo que sí I suppose so
    * * *
    suponer {60} vt
    1) presumir: to suppose, to assume
    supongo que sí: I guess so, I suppose so
    se supone que van a llegar mañana: they're supposed to arrive tomorrow
    2) : to imply, to suggest
    3) : to involve, to entail
    el éxito supone mucho trabajo: success involves a lot of work
    * * *
    1. (creer) to suppose / to expect
    2. (significar) to mean [pt. & pp. meant]
    3. (implicar, conllevar) to involve / to be
    supongamos que... supposing...

    Spanish-English dictionary > suponer

  • 11 rememorar

    v.
    1 to remember, to recall.
    2 to revive memories, to cast back, to cast one's mind back, to recall.
    María recuerda y llora Mary remembers and cries.
    * * *
    1 to remember, recall
    * * *
    * * *
    verbo transitivo (liter) to recall
    * * *
    = reminisce, hark(en) back to, hearken back to, recall.
    Ex. A general session featured Isaac Asimov who reminisced about libraries in his youth and predicted the continuing need for libraries.
    Ex. The third point is one that harks back to the chapter on peer influences.
    Ex. The term 'first cold press' hearkens back to the traditional method, where the best oil came from the first pressing; subsequent pressings release more oil, but of inferior quality.
    Ex. As will be recalled from the foregoing discussion of Panizzi's ideology, his main entry was designed to represent a book not as a individual entity but as an edition of a particular work by a particular author.
    ----
    * rememorar el pasado = take + a trip down memory lane, stroll down + memory lane, take + a stroll down memory lane.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo (liter) to recall
    * * *
    = reminisce, hark(en) back to, hearken back to, recall.

    Ex: A general session featured Isaac Asimov who reminisced about libraries in his youth and predicted the continuing need for libraries.

    Ex: The third point is one that harks back to the chapter on peer influences.
    Ex: The term 'first cold press' hearkens back to the traditional method, where the best oil came from the first pressing; subsequent pressings release more oil, but of inferior quality.
    Ex: As will be recalled from the foregoing discussion of Panizzi's ideology, his main entry was designed to represent a book not as a individual entity but as an edition of a particular work by a particular author.
    * rememorar el pasado = take + a trip down memory lane, stroll down + memory lane, take + a stroll down memory lane.

    * * *
    rememorar [A1 ]
    vt
    ( liter); to recall, reminisce about
    * * *

    rememorar verbo transitivo to remember, recall
    ' rememorar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    recordar
    English:
    cast back
    - reminisce
    - hark back
    * * *
    to remember, to recall
    * * *
    v/t remember
    * * *
    : to recall
    rememorar los viejos tiempos: to reminisce

    Spanish-English dictionary > rememorar

  • 12 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 13 haber

    m.
    1 assets (bienes).
    2 credit (side).
    v.
    1 to have.
    lo he/había hecho I have/had done it
    los niños ya han comido the children have already eaten
    2 to be, to exist, to be some.
    Hay carros There are cars.
    Hay There are
    * * *
    Present Indicative
    he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han.
    Imperfect Subjunctive
    había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían.
    Past Indicative
    Future Indicative
    Conditional
    Present Subjunctive
    Imperfect Subjunctive
    Future Subjunctive
    Imperative
    he (tú), haya (él/Vd.), hayamos (nos.), habed (vos.), hayan (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    - hay
    * * *
    1. V AUX
    1) [en tiempos compuestos] to have

    he comido — I have o I've eaten

    había ido al cine — he had gone o he'd gone to the cinema

    ¡haberlo dicho! — you should have said!

    ¡hubieran visto la casa! — esp LAm * you should have seen the house!

    pero, ¿habráse visto (cosa igual)? — well, have you ever seen anything like it?

    de haberlo sabido — if I had known, if I'd known

    2)

    • haber de —

    a) [indicando obligación]

    he de hacerlo — I have to do it, I must do it

    has de saber que... — you should know that...

    ¿qué he de hacer? — what am I to do?

    los has de ver — LAm you'll see them

    b) [indicando suposición]

    ha de llegar hoy — esp LAm he should get here today

    has de estar equivocado — esp LAm you must be mistaken

    2. V IMPERS
    1)

    hay — [con sustantivo en singular] there is; [con sustantivo en plural] there are

    ¿habrá tiempo? — will there be time?

    lo que hay es que... — it's like this..., the thing is...

    hay sol — the sun is shining, it's sunny

    habían muchas personas — LAm there were many people there

    • ¿ cuánto hay de aquí a Cuzco? — how far is it from here to Cuzco?

    • los hay excelentes — some are excellent

    oportunistas los hay en todas partes — you'll find opportunists everywhere, there are always opportunists, wherever you go

    • no hay, no hay nada mejor que... — there's nothing better than...

    no hay más que hablar — there's no more to be said, there's nothing more to say

    ¡aquí no hay quien duerma! — it's impossible to get any sleep round here!

    ¡no hay de qué! — don't mention it!, not at all!

    • ¿ qué hay? — (=¿qué pasa?) what's up?; (=¿qué tal?) how's it going?, how are things?

    ¡qué hubo! — Chile, Méx, Ven * how's it going?, how are things?

    como hay pocos, donde los haya —

    un amigo como hay pocos o donde los haya — a friend in a million

    de lo que no hay —

    ¡eres de lo que no hay! — you're unbelievable!

    si los hay —

    2) (Com)

    "¡mejores no hay!" — "there's none better!"

    ¡hay helado! — [dicho a voces] ice cream!; [en cartel] ice cream sold

    ¿hay puros? — do you have any cigars?

    "no hay entradas o localidades" — "sold out"

    3)

    • hay que, hay que trabajar — one has to work, everyone must work

    hay que trabajar más — [como mandato] you must work harder

    no hay que olvidar que... — we mustn't forget that...

    no hay que tomarlo a mal — there's no reason to take it badly, you mustn't get upset about it

    ¡había que decírselo! — we'll have to tell him!

    ¡había que verlo! — you should have seen it!

    • no hay más que, no hay más que leer las normas — all you have to do is read the rules

    4) [indicando tiempo]

    tres años ha — frm three years ago

    años ha que no les veo — frm, hum I haven't seen them for years

    3. VT
    1) (=ocurrir)

    habidos y por haber —

    2) (=tener)

    Pepe, que Dios haya en su gloria — Pepe, God rest his soul

    bien haya... — (Rel) blessed be...

    3) liter (=obtener)
    4.
    See:
    * * *
    I 1.
    verbo auxiliar
    1) ( en tiempos compuestos) to have

    no han/habían llegado — they haven't/hadn't arrived

    como se haya olvidado lo mato — if he's forgotten, I'll kill him!

    ¿se habrán perdido? — do you think they've o they might have got lost?

    de haberlo sabido — had I known, if I'd known

    2)
    a) (frml) (expresando obligación, necesidad)

    haber de + inf — to have to + inf

    ha de ser firmado por ambas partes — it has to o must be signed by both parties

    ha de llegar un día en que... — the day will come when...

    c) (expresando probabilidad, certeza)

    pero ¿sabes lo que dices? - no lo he de saber! — but do you know what you're saying? - of course I do!

    2.
    haber v impers
    1) (existir, estar, darse)

    hay una carta/varias cartas para ti — there's a letter/there are several letters for you

    ¿qué tomarán de postre? - ¿hay helado? — what would you like for dessert? - do you have any ice cream?

    ¿cuántos kilómetros hay hasta Sevilla? — how many kilometers are there o is it to Seville?

    hay quien piensa que... — there are those who feel that...

    gracias - no hay de qué — thank you - don't mention it o not at all o you're welcome

    hola ¿qué hay/hay de nuevo? — (fam) hello, how are things/what's new?

    es un poco largo - ¿qué hay? — (CS fam) it's rather long - so what?

    ¿qué hubo? — (Andes, Méx, Ven fam) how are things?

    ¿qué hubo de lo de Jorge y Ana? — what happened with Jorge and Ana?

    habérselas con alguien: tendrá que habérselas conmigo he'll have me to deal with; habido y por haber: todos los trucos habidos y por haber — every trick in the book (colloq)

    haber que + inf: hay que estudiar you/we/they must study; hubo que romperlo we/they had to break it; hay que decir algo something has to be said; había que verlo! you should have seen him!; no hay más que apretarlo all you have to do is press it; no hay que darle muy fuerte — ( no es necesario) you don't need o have to hit it too hard; ( no se debe) you mustn't hit it too hard

    muchos años/mucho tiempo ha — many years/a long time ago

    3.
    haber vt habido -da participio pasado (frml) ( tenido)

    los hijos habidos en el/fuera del matrimonio — children born in/out of wedlock (frml)

    II
    a) ( bienes) assets (pl)
    b) ( en contabilidad) credit side

    tener algo en su haber — (period) to have something to one's credit

    c) haberes masculino plural (frml) (emolumentos, paga) income, earnings (pl)

    los haberes que se le adeudan — moneys o monies owed to you (frml)

    * * *
    = be available, come in, there + be, there + have + been, be in place, accounts receivable.
    Ex. This emphasis upon 'the work' reflects the packaging of text, information, music, graphics, and so on, and indicates to the subsequent user what packages are available for use or consultation.
    Ex. Such records come in a variety of physical forms.
    Ex. There are a relatively large number of documents under each heading.
    Ex. Mr. Kilgour's publications are truly too voluminous to list; over a period of four decades, there have been few years in which he has not published.
    Ex. Modular courses are already in place from which a student can pick and mix.
    Ex. This software includes separate programs for general ledger: accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll and inventory.
    ----
    * deber haber ocurrido antes = be long overdue.
    * debería haber = there + ought to be.
    * en el haber de Uno = under + Posesivo + belt.
    * en + Posesivo + haber = to + Posesivo + credit.
    * en su haber = on the credit side.
    * haber algo raro con = there + be + something fishy going on with.
    * haber algo sospechoso con = there + be + something fishy going on with.
    * haber bebido demasiado = be over the limit.
    * haber decidido = be intent on.
    * haber de muchos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.
    * haber de muy diversos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.
    * haber dinero de por medio = money + change hands.
    * haber división de opiniones = be split on, opinion + be divided.
    * haber división de opiniones entre los críticos = critics + be divided.
    * haberes = assets, holdings.
    * haber escasez de = be in short supply, be at a premium.
    * haber existencias = be in stock.
    * haber ganado la mitad de la batalla = be half the battle.
    * haber ganado sólo la mitad de la batalla = be only half the battle.
    * haber llegado = be upon us.
    * haber muchísima diferencia = be in a different league.
    * haber nacido en = be a native of.
    * haber pasado por aquí antes = have been down this road before.
    * haber poca duda de que = there + be + little doubt that.
    * haber + que reconocer que = have to hand it to + Nombre.
    * haber quórum = be quorate.
    * haber recorrido mucho mundo = be well-travelled.
    * haberse propuesto = be intent on.
    * haber sido aceptado = be here to stay, have come + to stay.
    * haber sido comprobado exhaustivamente = be thoroughly tested.
    * haber terminado la jornada laboral = be off duty.
    * haber todavía más = there + be + more to it than that.
    * haber un aire de emoción = there + be + an air of excitement.
    * haber un aire de expectación = there + be + an air of expectation.
    * haber una transacción económica de por medio = money + change hands.
    * haber un viento huracanado = wind + blow great guns.
    * haber viajado mucho = be well-travelled.
    * ha de ser + Participio = be to be + Participio.
    * hubo una época en la que = there was a time when.
    * lo que haya que de ser, será = que sera sera, what's meant to be, will be, whatever will be, will be.
    * mientras haya existencias = while stocks last, subject to availability.
    * no haber = be unavailable.
    * no haber consecuencias = nothing + come of.
    * no + haber + dos + Nombre que = no two + Nombre.
    * no haber duda de que = there + be + no doubt that.
    * no haber duda (que) = there + be + no question (that).
    * no haber forma de = there + be + no way.
    * no haber indicios de que = there + be + no indication that.
    * no haber límites = there + be + no limit.
    * no haber manera de = there + be + no way.
    * no haber modo de = there + be + no means of.
    * no haber mucha señal de que = there + be + little sign of.
    * no haber muchas señales de que = there + be + little sign of.
    * no + haber + nada como = there + be + nothing like.
    * no haber nada de verdad en = there + be + any/no truth to.
    * no + haber + nada malo en = there + be + nothing wrong in/with.
    * no haber palabras para describirlo = beggar + description.
    * no haber pero que valer = not take + no for an answer.
    * no haber prisa = there + be + no hurry.
    * no haber problemas = be fine.
    * no haber señal de que = there + be + no sign of.
    * no habiendo = in the absence of.
    * no hay nada como = nothing beats....
    * no hay nada mejor que = nothing beats....
    * poner en el haber de = credit.
    * sin haber contacto = non-contact.
    * ya hemos hablado bastante de = so much for.
    * * *
    I 1.
    verbo auxiliar
    1) ( en tiempos compuestos) to have

    no han/habían llegado — they haven't/hadn't arrived

    como se haya olvidado lo mato — if he's forgotten, I'll kill him!

    ¿se habrán perdido? — do you think they've o they might have got lost?

    de haberlo sabido — had I known, if I'd known

    2)
    a) (frml) (expresando obligación, necesidad)

    haber de + inf — to have to + inf

    ha de ser firmado por ambas partes — it has to o must be signed by both parties

    ha de llegar un día en que... — the day will come when...

    c) (expresando probabilidad, certeza)

    pero ¿sabes lo que dices? - no lo he de saber! — but do you know what you're saying? - of course I do!

    2.
    haber v impers
    1) (existir, estar, darse)

    hay una carta/varias cartas para ti — there's a letter/there are several letters for you

    ¿qué tomarán de postre? - ¿hay helado? — what would you like for dessert? - do you have any ice cream?

    ¿cuántos kilómetros hay hasta Sevilla? — how many kilometers are there o is it to Seville?

    hay quien piensa que... — there are those who feel that...

    gracias - no hay de qué — thank you - don't mention it o not at all o you're welcome

    hola ¿qué hay/hay de nuevo? — (fam) hello, how are things/what's new?

    es un poco largo - ¿qué hay? — (CS fam) it's rather long - so what?

    ¿qué hubo? — (Andes, Méx, Ven fam) how are things?

    ¿qué hubo de lo de Jorge y Ana? — what happened with Jorge and Ana?

    habérselas con alguien: tendrá que habérselas conmigo he'll have me to deal with; habido y por haber: todos los trucos habidos y por haber — every trick in the book (colloq)

    haber que + inf: hay que estudiar you/we/they must study; hubo que romperlo we/they had to break it; hay que decir algo something has to be said; había que verlo! you should have seen him!; no hay más que apretarlo all you have to do is press it; no hay que darle muy fuerte — ( no es necesario) you don't need o have to hit it too hard; ( no se debe) you mustn't hit it too hard

    muchos años/mucho tiempo ha — many years/a long time ago

    3.
    haber vt habido -da participio pasado (frml) ( tenido)

    los hijos habidos en el/fuera del matrimonio — children born in/out of wedlock (frml)

    II
    a) ( bienes) assets (pl)
    b) ( en contabilidad) credit side

    tener algo en su haber — (period) to have something to one's credit

    c) haberes masculino plural (frml) (emolumentos, paga) income, earnings (pl)

    los haberes que se le adeudan — moneys o monies owed to you (frml)

    * * *
    = be available, come in, there + be, there + have + been, be in place, accounts receivable.

    Ex: This emphasis upon 'the work' reflects the packaging of text, information, music, graphics, and so on, and indicates to the subsequent user what packages are available for use or consultation.

    Ex: Such records come in a variety of physical forms.
    Ex: There are a relatively large number of documents under each heading.
    Ex: Mr. Kilgour's publications are truly too voluminous to list; over a period of four decades, there have been few years in which he has not published.
    Ex: Modular courses are already in place from which a student can pick and mix.
    Ex: This software includes separate programs for general ledger: accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll and inventory.
    * deber haber ocurrido antes = be long overdue.
    * debería haber = there + ought to be.
    * en el haber de Uno = under + Posesivo + belt.
    * en + Posesivo + haber = to + Posesivo + credit.
    * en su haber = on the credit side.
    * haber algo raro con = there + be + something fishy going on with.
    * haber algo sospechoso con = there + be + something fishy going on with.
    * haber bebido demasiado = be over the limit.
    * haber decidido = be intent on.
    * haber de muchos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.
    * haber de muy diversos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.
    * haber dinero de por medio = money + change hands.
    * haber división de opiniones = be split on, opinion + be divided.
    * haber división de opiniones entre los críticos = critics + be divided.
    * haberes = assets, holdings.
    * haber escasez de = be in short supply, be at a premium.
    * haber existencias = be in stock.
    * haber ganado la mitad de la batalla = be half the battle.
    * haber ganado sólo la mitad de la batalla = be only half the battle.
    * haber llegado = be upon us.
    * haber muchísima diferencia = be in a different league.
    * haber nacido en = be a native of.
    * haber pasado por aquí antes = have been down this road before.
    * haber poca duda de que = there + be + little doubt that.
    * haber + que reconocer que = have to hand it to + Nombre.
    * haber quórum = be quorate.
    * haber recorrido mucho mundo = be well-travelled.
    * haberse propuesto = be intent on.
    * haber sido aceptado = be here to stay, have come + to stay.
    * haber sido comprobado exhaustivamente = be thoroughly tested.
    * haber terminado la jornada laboral = be off duty.
    * haber todavía más = there + be + more to it than that.
    * haber un aire de emoción = there + be + an air of excitement.
    * haber un aire de expectación = there + be + an air of expectation.
    * haber una transacción económica de por medio = money + change hands.
    * haber un viento huracanado = wind + blow great guns.
    * haber viajado mucho = be well-travelled.
    * ha de ser + Participio = be to be + Participio.
    * he = I've (I have).
    * hubo una época en la que = there was a time when.
    * lo que haya que de ser, será = que sera sera, what's meant to be, will be, whatever will be, will be.
    * mientras haya existencias = while stocks last, subject to availability.
    * no haber = be unavailable.
    * no haber consecuencias = nothing + come of.
    * no + haber + dos + Nombre que = no two + Nombre.
    * no haber duda de que = there + be + no doubt that.
    * no haber duda (que) = there + be + no question (that).
    * no haber forma de = there + be + no way.
    * no haber indicios de que = there + be + no indication that.
    * no haber límites = there + be + no limit.
    * no haber manera de = there + be + no way.
    * no haber modo de = there + be + no means of.
    * no haber mucha señal de que = there + be + little sign of.
    * no haber muchas señales de que = there + be + little sign of.
    * no + haber + nada como = there + be + nothing like.
    * no haber nada de verdad en = there + be + any/no truth to.
    * no + haber + nada malo en = there + be + nothing wrong in/with.
    * no haber palabras para describirlo = beggar + description.
    * no haber pero que valer = not take + no for an answer.
    * no haber prisa = there + be + no hurry.
    * no haber problemas = be fine.
    * no haber señal de que = there + be + no sign of.
    * no habiendo = in the absence of.
    * no hay nada como = nothing beats....
    * no hay nada mejor que = nothing beats....
    * poner en el haber de = credit.
    * sin haber contacto = non-contact.
    * ya hemos hablado bastante de = so much for.

    * * *
    haber1 [ E17 ]
    A
    (en los tiempos compuestos): no han/habían llegado they haven't/hadn't arrived
    como se haya olvidado lo mato if he's forgotten, I'll kill him!
    cuando/no bien hubo terminado ( liter); when/as soon as she had finished
    ¿se habrán perdido? do you think they've o they might have got lost?
    no habrán tenido tiempo they probably haven't had time
    ¿quién hubiera pensado que llegaría tan lejos? whoever would have thought she'd get so far!
    está arrepentida — ¡(que) lo hubiera pensado antes! she says she's sorry — she should have thought about it before!
    yo también quería ir — ¡haberlo dicho! I wanted to go too — you should have said so!
    de haberlo sabido te habría avisado had I known o if I'd known, I'd have told you
    B
    1 ( frml) (expresando obligación, necesidad) haber DE + INF:
    el contrato ha de ser firmado por ambas partes the contract must be signed by both parties
    hemos de averiguar qué sucedió we have to o must find out what happened
    2 (expresando acción futura) haber DE + INF:
    ha de llegar un día en que … the day will come when …
    3 (expresando probabilidad, certeza) haber DE + INF:
    ha de ser tarde it must be late
    ya lo han de haber recibido they must have received it by now
    pero ¿sabes lo que dices? — ¡no lo he de saber! but do you know what you're saying? — of course I do!
    A
    (existir, estar, darse): hay una carta/varias cartas para ti there's a letter/there are several letters for you
    ha habido un cambio/varios cambios en el programa there has been a change/there have been several changes in the program
    había un cliente/tres clientes esperando there was a customer/there were three customers waiting
    ayer hubo un accidente/dos accidentes there was an accident/there were two accidents yesterday
    no quiero que haya discusiones I don't want there to be any arguments
    ¿qué van a tomar de postre? — ¿hay helado? what would you like for dessert? — do you have any ice cream?
    esta vez no hubo suerte, otra vez será we were unlucky o out of luck this time, maybe next time
    ¿cuántos kilómetros hay de Mérida a Sevilla? how many kilometers are there o is it from Mérida to Seville?
    no hay día en que no tengan una discusión not a day goes by without their having an argument
    no hay como un buen descanso cuando uno se siente así there's nothing like a good rest when you're feeling like that
    no hay quien lo aguante he's absolutely unbearable
    hay quien piensa que es un error there are those who feel it's a mistake
    hubo or ( crit) hubieron varios heridos several people were injured
    habíamos sólo tres niñas ( crit); we were the only three girls, there were only three of us girls ( colloq)
    [ S ] hay leche fresca fresh milk sold o on sale here
    las hay rojas y amarillas también there are o you can get red ones and yellow ones too
    dijo que no había problemas pero los hay she said there weren't any problems but there are
    ¡no hay más que hablar! there's nothing more to be said! o that's my last word (on the subject)!
    gracias — no hay de qué thank you — don't mention it o not at all o it's a pleasure o you're welcome
    no hay de qué preocuparse there's nothing to worry about
    hola ¿qué hay? ( fam); hello, how are things?
    ¿qué hay de nuevo? what's new?
    es un poco largo — ¿qué hay? ¡lo acortamos! (CS fam); it's rather long — so what? we'll shorten it
    ¿qué hubo? (Col, Méx fam); how are things?
    ¿qué hubo de lo de Jorge y Ana? what happened with Jorge and Ana?
    donde los/las haya: es listo/sinvergüenza donde los haya he's as clever/rotten as they come
    habérselas con algn/algo: como vuelva por aquí tendrá que habérselas conmigo if he comes around here again he'll have me to deal with
    habido y por haber: se conoce todos los trucos habidos y por haber she knows every trick in the book
    he leído todo lo habido y por haber sobre el tema I've read absolutely everything there is to read on the subject
    ser de lo que no hay ( fam): eres de lo que no hay, nunca más te confío un secreto you're the limit o you're unbelievable! I'm never going to tell you a secret again
    B (ser necesario) haber QUE + INF:
    va a haber que hacerlo it'll have to be done
    hay que ser más optimista you/we/they must be more optimistic
    hubo que tirar la puerta abajo we/they had to break the door down
    me dijo que había que entregarlo el lunes he told me it had to be handed in on Monday
    ¡hay que ver qué genio tiene el mocito! well, well, he has got a temper, hasn't he!
    ¡hay que ver! ¡las cosas que uno tiene que aguantar! honestly! the things one has to put up with!
    ¡había que verlo allí jugando en la nieve! you should have seen him there playing in the snow!
    no hay más que apretar el botón all you have to do is press the button
    no hay que darle muy fuerte (no es necesario) you don't need to o you don't have to hit it too hard; (no se debe) you mustn't hit it too hard
    C ( liter)
    (en expresiones de tiempo): muchos años/mucho tiempo ha many years/a long time ago
    años ha que no sé nada de él I haven't heard from him for years
    vt
    habido, -da
    pp ( frml) (tenido): los hijos habidos fuera del matrimonio children born out of wedlock ( frml)
    cuatro hijos habidos de dos padres distintos four children born of two different fathers
    A (bienes) assets (pl)
    varias fincas forman parte de su haber his assets include various properties
    B (en contabilidad) credit side
    tener algo en su haber ( period): tiene en su haber varios premios literarios he has several literary prizes to his credit
    ya tiene cuatro robos en su haber he has already notched up four robberies
    (emolumentos, paga): los haberes que se le adeudan moneys o monies owed to you ( frml)
    los haberes del mes de diciembre income o earnings for the month of December
    * * *

     

    haber 1 ( conjugate haber) v aux ( en tiempos compuestos) to have;

    de haberlo sabido had I known, if I'd known;
    ¡deberías haberlo dicho! you should have said so!
    haber v impers (existir, estar, darse): hay una carta/varias cartas para ti there's a letter/there are several letters for you;
    ¿hay un banco por aquí? is there a bank near here?;
    hubo dos accidentes there were two accidents;
    ¿hay helado? do you have any ice cream?;
    no hay como un buen descanso there's nothing like a good rest;
    hubo varios heridos several people were injured;
    las hay rojas y verdes there are red ones and green ones;
    gracias — no hay de qué thank you — don't mention it o not at all o you're welcome;
    no hay de qué preocuparse there's nothing to worry about;
    ¿qué hay de nuevo? (fam) what's new?;
    hola ¿qué hay? (fam) hello, how are things?;
    ¿qué hubo? (Andes, Méx, Ven fam) how are things?
    ( ser necesario) haber que + inf:
    ◊ hay que estudiar you/we/they must study;

    hubo que romperlo we/they had to break it;
    no hay que lavarlo ( no es necesario) you don't need o have to wash it;

    ( no se debe) you mustn't wash it
    haber 2 sustantivo masculino
    a) ( bienes) assets (pl)


    c)

    ◊ haberes sustantivo masculino plural (frml) ( ingresos) income, earnings (pl)

    haber
    I verbo auxiliar
    1 (en tiempos compuestos) to have: espero que no lo haya hecho, I hope he hasn't done it
    lo he comido todo, I've eaten it all
    lo hubiera hecho de todos modos, she would have done it anyway
    II verbo impersonal
    1 (existir, estar, hallarse) hay, there is o are
    había, there was o were: hay poco que decir, there is little to be said
    había muchísima gente en la estación, there were a lot of people in the station
    hay cien metros de mi casa a la estación, it's a hundred metres from my home to the station
    2 (ocurrir, suceder) la guerra que hubo en el 36, the war that took place in 36
    habrá una reunión, there will be a meeting
    hoy hay fiesta en el club náutico, there's a party today in the sailing club
    los robos habidos en este barrio, the robberies which have been committed in this neighbourhood
    III ( haber de + infinitivo) (obligación) to have to: has de ser más estudioso, you must be more studious
    ( haber que + infinitivo) (conveniencia, necesidad u obligación) it is necessary to: habrá que ir, we will have to go
    habría que pintar el salón, we should paint the living room
    hay que hacerlo, you must do it
    IV nm
    1 Fin credit 2 en su haber, in his possession
    figurado in his favour
    V mpl haberes, (bienes) assets
    (salario) wages
    ♦ Locuciones: había una vez..., once upon a time...
    no hay de qué, you're welcome o don't mention it
    Hay que tener mucho cuidado al traducir este verbo, ya que el inglés diferencia entre el singular y el plural: Hay un hombre fuera. There is a man outside. Hay dos hombres fuera. There are two men outside. Había un gato en el tejado. There was a cat on the roof. Había muchos libros. There were a lot of books.
    ' haber' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abundar
    - apencar
    - comprobante
    - contrapartida
    - deber
    - dolo
    - estrechamiento
    - ir
    - gravedad
    - llevarse
    - localmente
    - parecer
    - perdón
    - pesar
    - ropa
    - satisfacción
    - sobrar
    - tirada
    - acusar
    - altura
    - con
    - encantado
    - existir
    - faltar
    - habrá
    - hay
    - he
    - hube
    - lo
    - los
    - poder
    - quedar
    - seguir
    English:
    awfully
    - be
    - catch
    - credit side
    - deny
    - doghouse
    - earth
    - have
    - hotly
    - life
    - limit
    - party
    - point-blank
    - recollect
    - regret
    - remember
    - save
    - still
    - thank
    - there
    - through
    - wish
    - achievement
    - anticipate
    - apologize
    - but
    - could
    - expect
    - further
    - likely
    - mean
    - mercy
    - might
    - must
    - name
    - otherwise
    - ought
    - over
    - report
    - should
    - sorry
    - suggest
    - will
    * * *
    ♦ v aux
    1. [en tiempos compuestos] to have;
    lo he/había hecho I have/had done it;
    los niños ya han comido the children have already eaten;
    no he estado en la India I haven't been to India;
    en el estreno ha habido mucha gente there were a lot of people at the première
    2. [expresa reproche]
    haber venido antes you could have come a bit earlier;
    ¡haberlo dicho! why didn't you say so?;
    haberme escuchado I told you (so), you should have listened to me;
    de haberlo sabido… if only I'd known…
    3. [expresa obligación]
    haber de hacer algo to have to do sth;
    has de estudiar más you have to study more;
    he de llamarle I ought to call him;
    ha de llegar un día en el que todo se arregle there's bound to come a time when everything gets sorted out;
    siempre has de ser tú el que se queje you always have to be the one to complain
    ♦ v impersonal
    1. [existir, estar]
    hay there is/are;
    hay un regalo para ti there's a present for you;
    hay dos árboles en la plaza there are two trees on the square;
    hay mucha gente en la calle there are a lot of people in the street;
    había/hubo muchos problemas there were a lot of problems;
    no hubo tal penalty it wasn't a penalty;
    habrá dos mil [expresa futuro] there will be two thousand;
    [expresa hipótesis] there must be two thousand;
    los hay de distintas tallas they come in different sizes;
    ¿cuánto hay de aquí a Santiago? how far is it from here to Santiago?;
    hay quien opina que… there are those who think that…;
    es un caballero como hay pocos he's that rare thing, a real gentleman;
    es un artista donde los haya he's as good an artist as you'll find;
    algo habrá cuando todo el mundo habla de ello if everyone's talking about it there must be something in it;
    (todo) lo habido y por haber everything under the sun;
    gracias – no hay de qué thank you – don't mention it;
    no hay día (en) que no haya algún accidente a day doesn't go by without there being some kind of accident;
    no hay más que apretar el botón simply press the button;
    no hay nada como una buena comida there's nothing like a good meal;
    no hay nadie como ella there's no one like her;
    no hay quien lo entienda there's no understanding him;
    no hay más que hablar there is no more to be said;
    ¡hay que ver! well I never!;
    no hay más que ver lo feliz que está you just have to see how happy she is;
    ¡eres de lo que no hay! you're unbelievable!
    2. [expresa obligación]
    hay que hacer más ejercicio one o you should do more exercise;
    hay que comer para vivir we must eat in order to live;
    hay que esforzarse más, Luis you need to try harder, Luis;
    no hay que apretar tanto there's no need to press so hard;
    creo que había que contárselo I think we ought to tell him;
    ¡aquello había que verlo! you should have seen it!;
    habrá que soportar su mal humor we'll have to put up with his bad mood
    3. Fam [en preguntas]
    ¿qué hay? [saludo] how are you doing?;
    CSur [¿qué importa?] so (what)?, big deal!;
    ¿qué hay de nuevo? what's new?;
    CSur
    está lloviendo -- ¿y qué hay?, estamos en auto it's raining -- so what? we're in the car;
    CAm, Col, Méx, Ven
    ¿qué hubo? [saludo] how are you doing?
    4. Literario [hacer]
    tres meses ha que marchó it is three months since she left
    ♦ vt
    Formal [tener]
    el abuelo, que Dios haya en su gloria,… grandfather, God rest his soul,…;
    los hijos habidos en el matrimonio the children from the marriage
    * * *
    I v/aux
    1 en tiempos compuestos have;
    hemos llegado we’ve arrived;
    lo he oído I’ve heard it;
    ¿la ha visto? has he seen her?
    :
    he de levantarme pronto I have to o I’ve got to get up early
    3
    :
    de haberlo sabido if I’d known;
    has de ver Méx you have o
    ought to see it;
    habérselas con alguien have it out with s.o.;
    años ha lit years ago
    II v/ impers
    1 ( existir)
    :
    hay there is sg, there are pl ;
    hubo un incendio there was a fire;
    había mucha gente there were a lot of people;
    hoy no hay clase there aren’t any lessons today, school is closed today;
    ya no hay más there’s none left; there are none left;
    no hay como … there’s nothing like …;
    esto es de lo que no hay this is the limit!
    :
    hay que hacerlo it has to be done;
    no hay de qué not at all, don’t mention it;
    no hay más que decir there’s nothing more to be said;
    no hay que pagar para entrar you don’t have to pay to go in;
    no hay que hablar con la boca llena you mustn’t o shouldn’t talk with your mouth full
    3
    :
    ¿qué hay?, Méx
    ¿qué hubo? how’s it going?, what’s happening?;
    es ingenioso donde los haya he’s as ingenious as they come
    III m asset; pago fee;
    tiene en su haber 50.000 pesos she’s 50,000 pesos in credit;
    haberes pl ( bienes) assets; ( sueldo) salary sg
    * * *
    haber {39} v aux
    1) : have, has
    no ha llegado el envío: the shipment hasn't arrived
    2)
    haber de : must
    ha de ser tarde: it must be late
    haber v impers
    1)
    hay : there is, there are
    hay dos mensajes: there are two messages
    ¿qué hay de nuevo?: what's new?
    2)
    hay que : it is necessary
    hay que trabajar más rápido: you have to work faster
    haber nm
    1) : assets pl
    2) : credit, credit side
    3) haberes nmpl
    : salary, income, remuneration
    * * *
    haber vb
    1. (verbo auxiliar) to have
    ¿has comido? have you eaten?
    2. (existir, tener lugar) there is / there are
    ¿qué hay? how are things?

    Spanish-English dictionary > haber

  • 14 дальнейший

    •

    In the discussion that follows, the properties of semiconductor diode lasers are described.

    •

    To obtain further information,...

    •

    In later chapters electrochemical cells will be treated.

    II
    •

    Such extracts require further purification.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > дальнейший

  • 15 дальнейший

    •

    In the discussion that follows, the properties of semiconductor diode lasers are described.

    •

    To obtain further information,...

    •

    In later chapters electrochemical cells will be treated.

    II
    •

    Such extracts require further purification.

    * * *

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > дальнейший

  • 16 ססמגור

    סַסְמָגוֹר m. (supposed to be a comp. of סָס a. מגיר, cmp. מְגֵרָה) ( a sawing worm, name of a species of cedar subject to decay. Yoma 9b (read:) מאי ארז שהרקב שולט בו … ס׳ what is the cedar over which decay has power?… Sasmagor (Ms. L. omits our w., and has only the explanation of it: ארז מגור מן הסס, v. סָס; v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note 200). (To the following מאי ס׳ what is S.?, the reply ארז מגור מן הסס has obviously fallen out, whereas the subsequent אמרר׳ אבא בת קול resumes the discussion interrupted by מאי ארזוכ׳;different in comment.

    Jewish literature > ססמגור

  • 17 después de

    prep.
    after, past, following, later than.
    * * *
    (tiempo) after 2 (desde) since 3 (+ pp) after, once
    * * *
    * * *
    = after, following, subsequent to, in the wake of, no sooner than
    Ex. The notation is made easier to remember by inserting a decimal point after the first three numbers.
    Ex. Following internal discussion, it was agreed that a new library should be given the University's top priority in any forthcoming capital building project.
    Ex. Subsequent to the seminar the majority of academic libraries have had open access service in almost all respects similar to the general principles discussed at York.
    Ex. Of course uniformity tends to follow in the wake of centralization.
    Ex. The effect of drugs on myoelectric activity of the digestive tract should be evaluated no sooner than 2 weeks after electrode implantation.
    * * *
    = after, following, subsequent to, in the wake of, no sooner than

    Ex: The notation is made easier to remember by inserting a decimal point after the first three numbers.

    Ex: Following internal discussion, it was agreed that a new library should be given the University's top priority in any forthcoming capital building project.
    Ex: Subsequent to the seminar the majority of academic libraries have had open access service in almost all respects similar to the general principles discussed at York.
    Ex: Of course uniformity tends to follow in the wake of centralization.
    Ex: The effect of drugs on myoelectric activity of the digestive tract should be evaluated no sooner than 2 weeks after electrode implantation.

    * * *
    después de prep after

    Spanish-English dictionary > después de

  • 18 continuar con

    v.
    to go on with, to carry on with, to get on with, to continue.
    Ellos mantienen el proyecto They maintain the project.
    * * *
    (v.) = go ahead with, proceed to, pursue, pursue + Nombre + further, stick to, build on/upon, go on with, maintain + continuity, maintain + momentum, stick with, stick at
    Ex. The ADONIS project has had a long history and a practical trial has now taken place as a result of which publishers have decided to go ahead with a commercial service.
    Ex. A summary at the beginning of a document serves to prepare the reader to proceed to the remainder of the text.
    Ex. All effective indexes must have some common facets if only because the audience does not alter merely because the indexer chooses to pursue certain indexing practices.
    Ex. To pursue the parallels between printed title indexes and online searching of natural-language terms further, it is useful to summarize the attractions and limitations of natural-language indexing.
    Ex. It might be striking to outline the instrumentalities of the future more spectacularly, rather than to stick closely to methods and elements now known.
    Ex. The system should build on existing resources, rather than develop expensive new programmes.
    Ex. Obviously, I could go on with these examples, but I'd better move on to a discussion of ways of eliminating these problems.
    Ex. To maintain continuity of the project, Library of Congress has agreed to assume management.
    Ex. Subsequent activities by a mobile information team are maintaining the momentum of the project.
    Ex. For authors to achieve acceptance publishers must stick with them for several books.
    Ex. Men will often stick at the actionful adventure story; stage they often get a taste for at about the age of ten.
    * * *
    (v.) = go ahead with, proceed to, pursue, pursue + Nombre + further, stick to, build on/upon, go on with, maintain + continuity, maintain + momentum, stick with, stick at

    Ex: The ADONIS project has had a long history and a practical trial has now taken place as a result of which publishers have decided to go ahead with a commercial service.

    Ex: A summary at the beginning of a document serves to prepare the reader to proceed to the remainder of the text.
    Ex: All effective indexes must have some common facets if only because the audience does not alter merely because the indexer chooses to pursue certain indexing practices.
    Ex: To pursue the parallels between printed title indexes and online searching of natural-language terms further, it is useful to summarize the attractions and limitations of natural-language indexing.
    Ex: It might be striking to outline the instrumentalities of the future more spectacularly, rather than to stick closely to methods and elements now known.
    Ex: The system should build on existing resources, rather than develop expensive new programmes.
    Ex: Obviously, I could go on with these examples, but I'd better move on to a discussion of ways of eliminating these problems.
    Ex: To maintain continuity of the project, Library of Congress has agreed to assume management.
    Ex: Subsequent activities by a mobile information team are maintaining the momentum of the project.
    Ex: For authors to achieve acceptance publishers must stick with them for several books.
    Ex: Men will often stick at the actionful adventure story; stage they often get a taste for at about the age of ten.

    Spanish-English dictionary > continuar con

  • 19 informe

    adj.
    shapeless.
    m.
    1 report (documento, estudio).
    2 denunciation, report.
    3 advice.
    pres.subj.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: informar.
    * * *
    1 (sin forma) shapeless, formless
    1 report
    1 references
    \
    dar informes sobre alguien (referencias) to provide references for somebody 2 (datos) to give information about somebody
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    I
    ADJ [bulto, figura] shapeless
    II
    SM
    1) (=escrito) report ( sobre on)

    informe médico/policial/técnico — medical/police/technical report

    2) pl informes (=datos) information sing ; [de trabajador] references

    dar informes sobre algn/algo — to give information about sb/sth

    pedir informes de o sobre algo — to ask for information about sth

    pedir informes de o sobre algn — [para trabajo] to follow up sb's references

    3) (Jur) report

    informe del juez — summing-up, summation (EEUU)

    4) (Com) report
    5) (Pol) White Paper
    * * *
    1) (exposición, dictamen) report

    informe policial/médico — police/medical report

    2) informes masculino plural
    a) ( datos) information, particulars (pl)
    b) ( de empleado) reference, references (pl)

    pedir informes — to ask for a reference/for references

    * * *
    = account, brief, filing, memo [memorandum], memorandum [memoranda -pl.; memo -abr.], news report, report, review, survey, briefing, debriefing, briefing paper, write-up.
    Ex. In the interests of clarity an integrated account of the appropriate added entry headings is to be found in 21.29 and 21.30.
    Ex. The architect's brief specifies that every square metre that funds will allow should be allocated.
    Ex. The schedule allows the filing of photographs under headings that designate photographic processes or apparatus.
    Ex. In most cases there was little substitution of e-mail for letters, memos, telephone calls, meetings or travel.
    Ex. Among the documents that are worthy of consideration for abstracting are those which convey information that is likely to be difficult to access, such as foreign documents or internal reports and memoranda and other documents which a limited circulation.
    Ex. It covers selected news reports which include the president's programme, power for youth services workers, pay equity, and equity in information services.
    Ex. The report introduced a range of ideas which have influenced subsequent code construction.
    Ex. The review is supported by a complete list of LIPs completed or in progess at Aug 88, followed by references to their reports.
    Ex. Indicative abstracts abound in phrases such as 'is discussed' or 'has been surveyed', but do not record the outcome of the discussion or survey.
    Ex. This briefing summarises the history and development of libraries in US higher education.
    Ex. Students will write final essays on their search, and debriefings will be conducted in the classroom.
    Ex. The company has launched a series of briefing papers to assist customers in making sense of market.
    Ex. If you read some of their write-ups, you can be sure that their endgame is to give a part of this country to Tamils.
    ----
    * elaboración de informes = report writing.
    * emitir un informe = issue + statement.
    * informe anual = annual report.
    * informe bursátil = stock market report.
    * informe científico = scientific report.
    * informe del estado de la cuestión = state of the art report, state of the art review.
    * informe del resultado de una investigación = research report.
    * informe del viaje realizado = travel report.
    * informe de progreso = status report.
    * informe de propuestas = proposals report.
    * informe de resultados = report of findings.
    * informe de seguimiento = progress report.
    * informe de situación = status report.
    * informe de tendencias = trends report.
    * informe de tráfico = traffic report.
    * informe de una comisión = committee paper.
    * informe económico = economic report.
    * informe final = final report.
    * informe legal = legal brief.
    * informe médico = medical report.
    * informe numérico = data report.
    * informe policial = police report.
    * informe secreto = intelligence report.
    * informes, los = report literature.
    * informe sobre el avance de un proyecto = progress report.
    * informe sobre el estado de la nación = state of the nation report.
    * informe sobre el estado general de las carreteras = road report.
    * informe sobre la marcha de un proyecto = progress report.
    * informe sobre la situación actual = state of the art report.
    * informe técnico = report, technical report.
    * informe trimestral = quarterly report.
    * presentación de informes = reporting.
    * presentar un informe = give + a report, present + report.
    * programa creador de informes = report writer.
    * redacción de informes = report writing.
    * redacción de informes técnicos = technical writing.
    * redactar un informe = draw up + report.
    * rendir informes = debrief.
    * * *
    1) (exposición, dictamen) report

    informe policial/médico — police/medical report

    2) informes masculino plural
    a) ( datos) information, particulars (pl)
    b) ( de empleado) reference, references (pl)

    pedir informes — to ask for a reference/for references

    * * *
    = account, brief, filing, memo [memorandum], memorandum [memoranda -pl.; memo -abr.], news report, report, review, survey, briefing, debriefing, briefing paper, write-up.

    Ex: In the interests of clarity an integrated account of the appropriate added entry headings is to be found in 21.29 and 21.30.

    Ex: The architect's brief specifies that every square metre that funds will allow should be allocated.
    Ex: The schedule allows the filing of photographs under headings that designate photographic processes or apparatus.
    Ex: In most cases there was little substitution of e-mail for letters, memos, telephone calls, meetings or travel.
    Ex: Among the documents that are worthy of consideration for abstracting are those which convey information that is likely to be difficult to access, such as foreign documents or internal reports and memoranda and other documents which a limited circulation.
    Ex: It covers selected news reports which include the president's programme, power for youth services workers, pay equity, and equity in information services.
    Ex: The report introduced a range of ideas which have influenced subsequent code construction.
    Ex: The review is supported by a complete list of LIPs completed or in progess at Aug 88, followed by references to their reports.
    Ex: Indicative abstracts abound in phrases such as 'is discussed' or 'has been surveyed', but do not record the outcome of the discussion or survey.
    Ex: This briefing summarises the history and development of libraries in US higher education.
    Ex: Students will write final essays on their search, and debriefings will be conducted in the classroom.
    Ex: The company has launched a series of briefing papers to assist customers in making sense of market.
    Ex: If you read some of their write-ups, you can be sure that their endgame is to give a part of this country to Tamils.
    * elaboración de informes = report writing.
    * emitir un informe = issue + statement.
    * informe anual = annual report.
    * informe bursátil = stock market report.
    * informe científico = scientific report.
    * informe del estado de la cuestión = state of the art report, state of the art review.
    * informe del resultado de una investigación = research report.
    * informe del viaje realizado = travel report.
    * informe de progreso = status report.
    * informe de propuestas = proposals report.
    * informe de resultados = report of findings.
    * informe de seguimiento = progress report.
    * informe de situación = status report.
    * informe de tendencias = trends report.
    * informe de tráfico = traffic report.
    * informe de una comisión = committee paper.
    * informe económico = economic report.
    * informe final = final report.
    * informe legal = legal brief.
    * informe médico = medical report.
    * informe numérico = data report.
    * informe policial = police report.
    * informe secreto = intelligence report.
    * informes, los = report literature.
    * informe sobre el avance de un proyecto = progress report.
    * informe sobre el estado de la nación = state of the nation report.
    * informe sobre el estado general de las carreteras = road report.
    * informe sobre la marcha de un proyecto = progress report.
    * informe sobre la situación actual = state of the art report.
    * informe técnico = report, technical report.
    * informe trimestral = quarterly report.
    * presentación de informes = reporting.
    * presentar un informe = give + a report, present + report.
    * programa creador de informes = report writer.
    * redacción de informes = report writing.
    * redacción de informes técnicos = technical writing.
    * redactar un informe = draw up + report.
    * rendir informes = debrief.

    * * *
    shapeless, formless
    A (exposición, dictamen) report
    informe policial/médico police/medical report
    Compuestos:
    annual report
    chairman's report
    1 (datos) information, particulars (pl)
    2 (de un empleado) reference, references (pl)
    pedir informes to ask for a reference/for references
    3 ( Per); information desk
    * * *

     

    Del verbo informar: ( conjugate informar)

    informé es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    informe es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    informar    
    informe
    informar ( conjugate informar) verbo transitivo ‹persona/prensa› to inform;

    ¿podría informeme sobre los cursos de idiomas? could you give me some information about language courses?
    verbo intransitivo (dar noticias, información) to report;
    informe sobre algo to report on sth, give a report on sth;
    informe de algo to announce sth
    informarse verbo pronominal
    to get information;
    informese sobre algo to find out o inquire about sth
    informe sustantivo masculino
    1 (exposición, dictamen) report;

    2
    ◊ informes sustantivo masculino plural



    ◊ pedir informes to ask for a reference/for references

    informar
    I verbo transitivo to inform [de, of]
    II verbo intransitivo & verbo transitivo to report
    informe sustantivo masculino
    1 report 2 informes, (para un empleo) references
    ' informe' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acompañar
    - baja
    - disentir
    - estimativa
    - estimativo
    - fragmentaria
    - fragmentario
    - galimatías
    - incluida
    - incluido
    - listada
    - listado
    - memoria
    - ojeada
    - parte
    - peritaje
    - puntual
    - resumir
    - amañar
    - anexo
    - bibliografía
    - corresponder
    - elaborar
    - encargar
    - entregar
    - escamotear
    - exacto
    - filtración
    - global
    - llevar
    - minucioso
    - presentar
    - pulcro
    - redactar
    - reporte
    English:
    absolve
    - account
    - anomaly
    - brief
    - compile
    - concise
    - consistent
    - dispatch
    - error
    - exhaustive
    - foresee
    - glimpse
    - job
    - plonk
    - present
    - reference
    - report
    - report card
    - say
    - school report
    - shapeless
    - slanted
    - submission
    - thrust
    - weekly report
    - audit
    - chase
    - debriefing
    - disservice
    - hold
    - indictment
    - out
    - survey
    - write
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [documento, estudio] report ( sobre on o about);
    un informe policial a police report;
    han solicitado el informe de un técnico they have asked for a report from an expert
    informe anual annual report; Com informe de gestión management report
    2. Der = oral summary of case given to the judge by counsel for defence or prosecution, ≈ closing speech
    ♦ informes nmpl
    [información] information; [sobre comportamiento] report; [para un empleo] reference(s)
    informe2 adj
    shapeless
    * * *
    I adj shapeless
    II m
    1 report
    2
    :
    informes pl ( referencias) references
    * * *
    informe adj
    amorfo: shapeless, formless
    1) : report
    2) : reference (for employment)
    3) informes nmpl: information, data
    * * *

    Spanish-English dictionary > informe

  • 20 seguir con

    v.
    to stick at, to keep on with, to get on with, to carry with.
    María continuó el trabajo de Ricardo Mary continued John's work.
    * * *
    (v.) = go on with, maintain + continuity, maintain + momentum, stick at
    Ex. Obviously, I could go on with these examples, but I'd better move on to a discussion of ways of eliminating these problems.
    Ex. To maintain continuity of the project, Library of Congress has agreed to assume management.
    Ex. Subsequent activities by a mobile information team are maintaining the momentum of the project.
    Ex. Men will often stick at the actionful adventure story; stage they often get a taste for at about the age of ten.
    * * *
    (v.) = go on with, maintain + continuity, maintain + momentum, stick at

    Ex: Obviously, I could go on with these examples, but I'd better move on to a discussion of ways of eliminating these problems.

    Ex: To maintain continuity of the project, Library of Congress has agreed to assume management.
    Ex: Subsequent activities by a mobile information team are maintaining the momentum of the project.
    Ex: Men will often stick at the actionful adventure story; stage they often get a taste for at about the age of ten.

    Spanish-English dictionary > seguir con

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